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Products
Open Source
- Configure popular ACME clients to use a private CA
- Use Kubernetes cert-manager with
step-ca - Issue X.509 host certificates to cloud VMs
- Issue X.509 user certificates via your identity provider
- Create a CA that uses RSA keys
- Import an existing root or intermediate CA into
step-ca - Use Keycloak to issue SSH certificates with step-ca
- Run an SSH CA and connect to VMs using SSH certificates
- Use AWS to deploy a certificate authority and secure microservices
- Run
step-cain a Docker container - Federate multiple autonomous certificate authorities
step crypto jwe
Name
step crypto jwe -- encrypt and decrypt data and keys using JSON Web Encryption (JWE)
Usage
step crypto jwe <subcommand> [arguments] [global-flags] [subcommand-flags]
Description
The step crypto jwe command group provides facilities for encrypting and decrypting content and representing encrypted content using JSON-based data structures as defined by the JSON Web Encryption (JWE) specification in RFC7516, using algorithms defined in the JSON Web Algorithms (JWA) specification in RFC7518. A JWE is a data structure representing an encrypted and integrity-protected message.
There are two JWE serializations: the compact serialization is a small, URL- safe representation that base64 encodes the JWE components. The compact serialization is a URL-safe string, suitable for space-constrained environments such as HTTP headers and URI query parameters. The JSON serialization represents JWEs as JSON objects and allows the same content to be encrypted to multiple parties (using multiple keys).
A typical JWE in compact serialization is a dot-separated string with five parts:
Header: metadata describing how the plaintext payload was processed to produce ciphertext (e.g., which algorithms were used to encrypt the content encryption key and the plaintext payload)
Encrypted Key: the "content encryption key" that was used to encrypt the plaintext payload, encrypted for the JWE recipient(s) (see: "what's with the encrypted key" below)
Initialization Vector: an initialization vector for use with the specified encryption algorithm, if applicable
Ciphertext: the ciphertext value resulting produced from authenticated encryption of the plaintext with additional authenticated data
Authentication Tag: value resulting from the authenticated encryption of the plaintext with additional authenticated data
What's with encrypted key?
This is somewhat confusing. Instead of directly encrypting the plaintext payload, JWE typically generates a new "content encryption key" then encrypts that key for the intended recipient(s).
While versatile, JWE is easy to use incorrectly. Therefore, any use of this subcommand requires the use of the '--subtle' flag as a misuse prevention mechanism. You should only use this subcommand if you know what you're doing. If possible, you're better off using the higher level 'crypto nacl' command group.
Examples
This example demonstrates how to produce a JWE for a recipient using the RSA-OAEP algorithm to encrypt the content encryption key (producing the encrypted key), and the A256GCM (AES GCM with 256-bit key) algorithm to produce the ciphertext and authentication tag.
Encode the JWE header with the desired "alg" and "enc" members then encode it producing the header
BASE64URL(UTF8({"alg":"RSA-OAEP","enc":"A256GCM"})) => eyJhbGciOiJSU0EtT0FFUCIsImVuYyI6IkEyNTZHQ00ifQGenerate a random content encryption key (CEK), encrypt it using RSA-OAEP, producing the encrypted key
Generate a random initialization vector
Perform authenticated encryption over the plaintext using the content encryption key and A256GCM algorithm with the base64-encoded JWE headers provided as additional authenticated data producing the ciphertext and authentication tag
Assemble the final result (compact serialization) to produce the string:
BASE64URL(UTF8(header)) || '.' || BASE64URL(encrypted key) || '.' || BASE64URL(initialization vector) || '.' || BASE64URL(ciphertext) || '.' || BASE64URL(authentication tag)Producing a result like (line breaks for display purposes only):
eyJhbGciOiJSU0EtT0FFUCIsImVuYyI6IkEyNTZHQ00ifQ. OKOawDo13gRp2ojaHV7LFpZcgV7T6DVZKTyKOMTYUmKoTCVJRgckCL9kiMT03JGe ipsEdY3mx_etLbbWSrFr05kLzcSr4qKAq7YN7e9jwQRb23nfa6c9d-StnImGyFDb Sv04uVuxIp5Zms1gNxKKK2Da14B8S4rzVRltdYwam_lDp5XnZAYpQdb76FdIKLaV mqgfwX7XWRxv2322i-vDxRfqNzo_tETKzpVLzfiwQyeyPGLBIO56YJ7eObdv0je8 1860ppamavo35UgoRdbYaBcoh9QcfylQr66oc6vFWXRcZ_ZT2LawVCWTIy3brGPi 6UklfCpIMfIjf7iGdXKHzg. 48V1_ALb6US04U3b. 5eym8TW_c8SuK0ltJ3rpYIzOeDQz7TALvtu6UG9oMo4vpzs9tX_EFShS8iB7j6ji SdiwkIr3ajwQzaBtQD_A. XFBoMYUZodetZdvTiFvSkQ
Create a JWK for encryption use:
$ step crypto jwk create --use enc p256.enc.pub p256.enc.priv
Encrypt a message using the previous public key (output indented for display purposes):
$ echo The message | step crypto jwe encrypt --key p256.enc.pub
{
"protected":"eyJhbGciOiJFQ0RILUVTIiwiZW5jIjoiQTI1NkdDTSIsImVwayI6eyJrdHkiOiJFQyIsImNydiI6IlAtMjU2IiwieCI6Ii1hakZFVlZaSWNRa0RxbkhpZ0NOWU5fa29nZkhxZnRGX1N3c2ZQeXlSRUUiLCJ5IjoicGpjVnJJZHRHSVpka05HS1FETEpIdG5SLUxudUI2V3k4bHpuX3REdm9BUSJ9LCJraWQiOiJHd0tSTUdXY1pWNFE2dGZZblpjZm90N090N2hjQ0t2cUJPVWljX0JoZ0gwIn0",
"iv":"-10PlAIteHLVABtt",
"ciphertext":"_xnGoE7vPCrXRRlK",
"tag":"wcvj4sXXMc9qII_ySYNYGA"
}
Decrypt the previous message using the private key:
$ step crypto jwe decrypt --key p256.enc.priv < message.json
Please enter the password to decrypt p256.enc.priv:
The message
Encrypt a message using a shared password:
$ echo The message | step crypto jwe encrypt --alg PBES2-HS256+A128KW
Please enter the password to encrypt the content encryption key:
{
"protected":"eyJhbGciOiJQQkVTMi1IUzI1NitBMTI4S1ciLCJlbmMiOiJBMjU2R0NNIiwicDJjIjoxMDAwMDAsInAycyI6ImpKMnJpejJGZnhoSXVOS3JSYUJqc2cifQ",
"encrypted_key":"p4xazaWvaAYC7NbHoAQTC4DxCX-rEjs7wvRF-OvaVliYzhdRtEdgzA",
"iv":"Jw4JCCr-lLrE0irT",
"ciphertext":"jcb3wKopsHmClh7s",
"tag":"7ttDDDfuqA45puDu7KbVkA"
}
Decrypt a message protected with shared password:
$ step crypto jwe decrypt < message.json
Please enter the password to decrypt the content encryption key:
The message
Commands
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